Control And Coordination Overview
Control And Coordination is the second chapter of biology class 10.
In this chapter, we have to study various methods by which humans and plants convey information among different organs in their bodies.
In this chapter, we have to study the nervous system and the endocrine system in human beings.
Also, we have to study chemical coordination in plants.
Notes Class 10 Science Chapter 7
1. Coordination
When different organs of an organism's body work together to react towards a stimulus properly then, it is called coordination.
2. Stimulus
The changes occurring in the environment to which an organism responds or reacts is known as the stimulus.
3. Control and Coordination in Animals
In animals control and coordination takes place by the nervous system and endocrine system.
4. Nervous System
Stimulus > Receptor organ > Sensory nerve > Brain/Spinal cord > Motor nerve > Effector organ > Response.
5. Endocrine System
Stimulus > Endocrine organ > Secrete hormone > Hormone in blood > Target organ > Response.
6. Parts of the Nervous System
There are three parts of the nervous system (i) Brain, (ii) Spinal Cord and, (iii) Nerves(neurons).
7. Synapse
Synapse is the space or junction present between two connected nerves.
8. Passing of Information
The passing of information takes place in the form of electrical impulses in the nerves and the form of chemicals at the synapses.
9. Reflex Action
Reflex action is the immediate response to a stimulus taken by the spinal cord itself to protect the organism in harmful situations.
10. Reflex Arc
The path by which reflex action is done is known as a reflex arc.
From Stimulus to Receptor organ to Sensory nerve to Spinal cord to Effector organ and then Response happens.
11. Nervous System
(i) Central Nervous System = CNS contains the brain and spinal cord.
(ii) Peripheral Nervous System = PNS Contains Automatic Nervous System and Voluntary Nervous System.
12. Brain
The brain is the center of coordination of all activities and thinking. Complex processes that take place in the brain are responsible for thinking.
There are three parts of the brain (i) Fore Brain, (ii) Mid Brain, and (iii) Hind Brain.
13. Fore Brain
(i) Cerebrum = It is the largest part of the brain which is responsible for thinking.
The cerebrum has three main areas:-
- Sensory Area = The Sensory area is used to receive impulses from receptors present in sense organs.
- Motor Area = It is used to control the voluntary actions.
- Association Area = It is responsible for reasoning, learning, and intelligence.
(ii) Thalamus = It relays sensory information to the cerebrum.
(iii) Hypothalamus = It is used to form the link between the nervous system and the endocrine gland.
14. Mid Brain
It used to connect the forebrain to the hindbrain. It controls the reflex of eyes and ears.
15. Hind Brain
(i) Cerebellum = It is used to control and coordinate muscular movements and it also maintains body posture and equilibrium.
(ii) Pons = It used as a bridge between the brain and spinal cord.
(iii) Medulla Oblongata = It is used to control involuntary actions such as blood pressure, salivation, vomiting, etc.
16. Spinal Cord
It is a cylindrical and tubular structure present downwards from the Medulla Oblongata.
17. Protection of The Brain And The Spinal Cord
(i) Covering made of bone = Skull for the brain and a vertebral column for the spinal cord.
(ii) A fluid called Cerebrospinal is present in between the three membranes covering of brain to prevent shocks.
18. Action Caused by Nervous Tissue
Information > Nervous Tissue > Brain Musceles > Causes Action.
19. Path and Action
Nerve Impulse > Muscle Cell > Change shape and arrangement of cells > Change shape due to special protein > Shorter form of muscles > Action caused.
20. Chemical Communication by Hormones
Hormones are used to convey information to a large number of cells at once because nerve cells can not generate and transmit electrical impulses continuously, therefore electrical communication is slow.
21. Hormones
Hormones are connected messengers secreted by various endocrine and exocrine glands.
They are secreted in a small amount and do not take part in any reaction.
22. Important Endocrine Glands
(i) Pituitary gland = Pituitary gland releases growth hormone which is responsible for body growth and development of bones and muscles.
If excess growth hormone is released than gigantism and if less is released than dwarfism happens.
(ii) Thyroid Gland = The Thyroid gland releases thyroxine that regulates carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism.
If less thyroxine hormone is released goiter happens.
(iii) Pancreas = pancreas releases insulin and glucagon hormone which regulates the blood sugar level.
If less amount of insulin is released diabetes can happen.
(iv) Testes in Male = It produces testosterone hormone which is necessary for the development of secondary male characters like deep voice and beard, etc.
(v) Ovaries in Female = It produces estrogen hormone which is necessary for the development of secondary female characters such as mammary gland, menstrual cycle, maintenance of pregnancy.
23. Coordination in Plants
Plants use only chemical coordination to convey information.
24. Movements in Plants
There are two types of movements in plants:-
(i) Tropic Movements = The movement of plants either to the stimulus or away the stimulus is called tropic movement like Phototropism, Geotropism, Chemotropism.
(ii) Nastic Movements = The movements that are independent of stimulus are known as nastic movements such as when we touch the leaf of touching me or not plants, it closes.
25. Plants Hormones
(i) Auxins = This hormone is used by plants to grow root and shoot tips.
(ii) Gibberellins = It is used for vegetative growth.
(iii) Cytokinins = It is used in cell division.
(iv) Abscisic Acid = It stops the growth of the plant. It also causes the falling of living.
26. Important Diagrams
(i) Structure of Neuron.
(ii) Reflex Arc.
(iii) Human Brain.
(iv) Endocrine Glands.
I hope you love the "CBSE Class 10 Science Notes Ch 7 Control and Coordination" by NCERT Class 10.
Conclusion
If you love the notes, you can check the website NCERT Class 10 to get more notes for class 10.I hope you love the "CBSE Class 10 Science Notes Ch 7 Control and Coordination" by NCERT Class 10.
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